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In linguistics, mama and papa is the sequences of sounds , and similar ones known to correspond to the word for "mother" and "father" in many languages of the world. The basic kinship terms ''mama'' and ''papa'' are said to comprise a special case of false cognates. The cross-linguistic similarities between these terms are thought to result from the nature of language acquisition.〔Jakobson, R. (1962) ("Why 'mama' and 'papa'?" ) In Jakobson, R. ''Selected Writings, Vol. I: Phonological Studies'', pp. 538–545. The Hague: Mouton.〕〔Nichols, J. (1999) ("Why 'me' and 'thee'?" ) ''Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics'', Vancouver, 9-13 August 1999, ed. Laurel J. Brinton, John Benjamins Publishing, 2001, pages 253-276.〕〔Bancel, P.J. and A.M. de l'Etang. (2008) ("The Age of Mama and Papa" ) Bengtson J. D. In ''Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology.'' (John Benjamins Publishing, Dec 3, 2008), pages 417-438. 〕〔Bancel, P.J. and A.M. de l'Etang. (2013) ("Brave new words" ) In ''New Perspectives on the Origins of Language'', ed. C. Lefebvre, B. Comrie, H. Cohen (John Benjamins Publishing, Nov 15, 2013), pages 333-377.〕 These words are the first word-like sounds made by babbling babies (babble words), and parents tend to associate the first sound babies make with themselves and to employ them subsequently as part of their baby-talk lexicon. Thus, there is no need to ascribe to common ancestry the similarities of !Kung ''ba'', Aramaic ''abba'', Mandarin Chinese ''bàba'', Persian ''baba'', and French ''papa'' (all "father"); or Navajo ''amá'', Mandarin Chinese ''māma'', Swahili ''mama'', Quechua ''mama'', Polish ''mama'', Romanian ''mama'' and English "mama" (all "mother"). However, many scientists believe that 'ma' and 'pa' were among first words that humans spoke. These terms are built up from speech sounds that are easiest to produce (bilabials like m, p, and b and the open vowel a). However, variants do occur: for example, in Fijian, the word for "mother" is ''nana'', the Mongolian and Turkish word is ''ana'', and in Old Japanese, the word for "mother" was ''papa''. The modern Japanese word for "father," ''chichi'', is from older ''titi''. In Japanese the child's initial ''mamma'' is interpreted to mean "food". In the Proto-Indo-European language, '' *mā́tēr'' (modern reconstruction: '' *méh₂tēr'') meant "mother" and '' *pǝtḗr'' (modern reconstruction: '' *ph₂tḗr'') meant "father", and ''átta'' meant "papa", a nursery word for "father". == European language examples == 'Mother' in different languages (): 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mama and papa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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